Härle M, Holm T, Graf W. Populationbased study of incidence, aetiology, treatment and outcome of enterocutaneous fistula. Colorectal Dis. 2024; 26(5): 478–85.

Tang Y, Li W, Zhang C, et al. Conservative management of enterocutaneous fistula: a singlecenter experience and review of literature. Int J Surg. 2023; 106: 106849.

Rao NB, Reddy KSS. A clinical study on identification of factors affecting spontaneous closure of postoperative enterocutaneous fistula. RMC Glob J. 2025; 1(1): 14–20.

Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, Azad N, Chen YJ, et al. Rectal cancer, ver- sion 2.2022, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2022;20:1139–1167. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2022.0051.

Farid A, Tutton M, Thambi P, Gill TS, Khan J, et al. Local excision of early rectal can- cer: a multi-centre experience of transanal endoscopic microsurgery from the United Kingdom. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2024 Oct 27;16(10):3114-3122. doi: 10.4240/wjg

Smits LJH, van Lieshout AS, Grüter AAJ, Horsthuis K, Tuynman JB, et al. Multi- disciplinary management of early rectal cancer - the role of surgical local excision in current and future clinical practice. Surg Oncol. 2022 Mar;40:101687. doi: 10.1016/j. su